Definition of Argumentative Essay
An argumentative essay is a type of essay that presents arguments about both sides of an issue. It could be that both sides are presented equally balanced, or it could be that one side is presented more forcefully than the other. It all depends on the writer, and what side he supports the most. The general structure of an argumentative essay follows this format:
Introduction: Attention Grabber/hook, Background Information, Thesis Statement
Body: Three body paragraphs (three major arguments)
Counterargument: An argument to refute earlier arguments and give weight to the actual position
Conclusion: Rephrasing the thesis statement, major points, call to attention, or concluding remarks.
Models for Argumentative Essays
There are two major models besides this structure given above, which is called a classical model. Two other models are the Toulmin and Rogerian models.
Toulmin model is comprised of an introduction with a claim or thesis, followed by the presentation of data to support the claim. Warrants are then listed for the reasons to support the claim with backing and rebuttals. However, the Rogerian model asks to weigh two options, lists the strengths and weaknesses of both options, and gives a recommendation after an analysis.
Five Types of Argument Claims in Essay Writing
There are five major types of argument claims as given below.
- A claim of definition
- A claim about values
- A claim about the reason
- A claim about comparison
- A claim about policy or position
A writer makes a claim about these issues and answers the relevant questions about it with relevant data and evidence to support the claim.
Three Major Types of Argument and How to Apply Them
Classical Argument
This model of applying argument is also called the Aristotelian model developed by Aristotle. This type of essay introduces the claim, with the opinion of the writer about the claim, its both perspectives, supported by evidence, and provides a conclusion about the better perspective. This essay includes an introduction, a body having the argument and support, a counter-argument with support, and a conclusion.
Toulmin Argument
This model developed by Stephen Toulmin is based on the claim followed by grounds, warrant, backing, qualifier, and rebuttal. Its structure comprises, an introduction having the main claim, a body with facts and evidence, while its rebuttal comprises counter-arguments and a conclusion.
Rogerian Argument
The third model by Carl Rogers has different perspectives having proof to support and a conclusion based on all the available perspectives. Its structure comprises an introduction with a thesis, the opposite point of view and claim, a middle-ground for both or more perspectives, and a conclusion.
Five Types of Argument Claims in Essay Writing
There are five major types of argument claims as given below.
A claim of definition
A claim about values
A claim about the reason
A claim about comparison
A claim about policy or position
A writer makes a claim about these issues and answers the relevant questions about it with relevant data and evidence to support the claim.
Three Major Types of Argument and How to Apply Them
Classical Argument
This model of applying argument is also called the Aristotelian model developed by Aristotle. This type of essay introduces the claim, with the opinion of the writer about the claim, its both perspectives, supported by evidence, and provides a conclusion about the better perspective. This essay includes an introduction, a body having the argument and support, a counter-argument with support, and a conclusion.
Toulmin Argument
This model developed by Stephen Toulmin is based on the claim followed by grounds, warrant, backing, qualifier, and rebuttal. Its structure comprises, an introduction having the main claim, a body with facts and evidence, while its rebuttal comprises counter-arguments and a conclusion.
Rogerian Argument
The third model by Carl Rogers has different perspectives having proof to support and a conclusion based on all the available perspectives. Its structure comprises an introduction with a thesis, the opposite point of view and claim, a middle-ground for both or more perspectives, and a conclusion.
Argumentative Essay Topics for Secondary School
Secondary school children are becoming more aware of society and the culture around them. These argumentative essay topics are perfect for this age group.
- Should middle schoolers have jobs like babysitting or mowing lawns?
- Are beauty pageants a good idea?
- Are violent video games bad?
- Should parents be able to say whether kids can dye their hair?
- Does social media do more harm than good?
- Do middle schoolers have too much homework?
- Does homework help kids learn?
- Should teachers get paid more?
- Is life more challenging for your generation or your parents’?
- Why is your favorite musician better than anyone else?
- Should kids read age-appropriate books, or is it okay to read grown-up books?
- Should there be ratings (like G, PG, and R) for movies?
- Is it better to ride the bus or walk to school?
- Is school lunch good for kids?
- Do you think an hour of reading or an hour of exercising is more beneficial?
- Should gym class be required?
- Should kids get paid for getting good grades?
- Is it better to have class over the computer or in person?
- Is cyberbullying as big a problem as in-person bullying?
- Should all cars be electric?